A. the Convention came to a sudden end B

Like the Korean War, the Vietnam War was a result of US policy during the Cold War, a period when Americans believed that Communism, the political system in the Soviet Union and China, was a threat to their ___(56) ___ and power.

Vietnam, a colony of France, wanted to become independent, but the US believed that Communists were behind the ___(57) ___ movement, and so opposed it. The US became ___(58) ___ in Vietnam only gradually. At first, under President Eisenhower, it provided the French with supplies. In 1954 the Geneva Accords divided Vietnam into the Communist North and the anti-Communist South. Under President Kennedy, in the early 1960s, many US soldiers were sent to the South ___(59) ___ advisers. In 1964, after an attack on US ships, Congress passed the Gulf of Tonkin Resolution which gave President Johnson greater powers to fight a war, and in the spring of 1965 Marines were sent to South Vietnam.

It was easy to keep the Communist forces, called the National Liberation Front or the Viet Cong, ___(60) ___ South Vietnam, but much ___(61) ___ to defeat them. The US used bombs against the Vietnamese troops, and chemicals to destroy crops, which had a terrible effect on people as well as on the land. There were also reports of atrocities (= acts of extreme violence and cruelty ) committed by both sides. In 1968 the My Lai massacre, in which over 300 civilians were killed by US soldiers, ___(62) ___ Americans at home. Many US soldiers were not sure ___(63) ___ they were fighting the war and became traumatized by the violence around them. Discipline became a problem, and the use of drugs was common. Soldiers were accused of committing acts of violence against each other and against Vietnamese civilians.

In 1968 the Viet Cong started a major attack, and the US position in South Vietnam was threatened. As the war escalated it lost support at home and also in other countries. When Richard Nixon became President he ___(64) ___tried to attack hard and force the Viet Cong to come to an agreement. The war then spread to Vietnam’s neighbour, Cambodia. Finally, in 1972, Nixon sent Henry Kissinger to negotiate a ceasefire, and afterwards the US was no longer directly involved in the war, though it continued to provide supplies. In 1975 the government of South Vietnam fell and the country was ___(65) ___ by the Communist forces.

© Oxford University Press, 2010

Question 56: A. security B. assurance C. safe D. save

Question 57: A. independent B. dependence C. independence D. dependent

Question 58: A. to have involved B. involving C. to be involved D. involved

Question 59: A. to B. such as C. as D. than

Question 60: A. out of B. away from C. into D. up with

Question 61: A. stronger B. greater C. sharper D. harder

Question 62: A. were shocked B. shocked C. shock D. had shocked

Question 63: A. where B. why C. how D. what

Question 64: A. at first B. last C. first D. at last

Question 65: A. taken over B. brought in C. come round D. put up
IX. Read the following passage and mark the letter A, B, C, or D on your answer sheet to indicate the correct word for each of the blanks from 66 to 75.

(1) The initial contact between American Indians and European settlers usually involved trade, whereby Indians acquired tools and firearms and the Europeans obtained furs. These initial events usually  pitted Indian tribes against each other as they competed for the European trade and for the lands containing fur-producing animals. When the furs had been depleted, the Europeans began a (5) campaign to obtain the lands the Indians occupied. The Indians often formed confederations and alliances to fight back the Europeans; however, the Indians’ involvement in the white people’s wars usually disrupted these confederations. Indians resisted the attempts by the whites to displace them. They fought defensive wars such as the Black Hawk War in 1832. Indian uprisings also occurred, like the Sioux uprising in the 1860s.

(10) Despite the resistance of the Indians, the Europeans were destined to win the conflict. After Indian resistance was crushed, the whites legitimized the taking of Indian lands by proposing treaties, frequently offering gifts to Indian chiefs to get them sign the treaties. Once an Indian group had signed a treaty, the whites proceeded to remove them from their land. Often the Indians were forced west of the Mississippi into Indian Territory-land the whites considered uninhabitable. If only a few Indians remained after the (15) conquest, they were often absorbed by local tribes or forced onto reservations.

No aspect of American history is more poignant than the accounts of the forced removal of Indians across the continent. As white settlers migrated farther west, Indians were forced to sign new treaties giving up the lands earlier treaties had promised them. Some Indian tribes, realizing the futility of resistance, accepted their fate and moved westward without force. The Winnebagos, who offered little (20) resistance, were shifted from place to place between 1829 and 1866. About half of them perished during their perpetual sojourn. Other tribes, however, bitterly resisted. The Seminoles signed a treaty in 1832 but violently resisted removal. Hostilities broke out in 1835 and continued for seven years. The United States government lost nearly 1,500 men and spent over $50 million in its attempts to crush Seminole resistance. Most of Seminoles were eventually forced to Indian Territory. However, several (25) hundred remained in the Florida Everglades, where their descendants live today.

A B C D

A

can’t solve than those they are able to solve.

A B C D
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