ĐỀ CƯƠng chi tiết lesson phonetics (NGỮ ÂM) MỘt vài quy tắc về trọng âM (stress)



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Thì

Dạng

PRESENT PERFECT


(Hiện Tại hoàn thành)

PAST PERFECT


(Qúa Khứ hoàn thành)

Khẳng định


S + has / have + V-ed/Vpp

S + had + V-ed/Vpp

Phủ định

S + hasn’t / haven’t + V-ed/Vpp

S + hadn’t + V-ed/Vpp

Nghi vấn

Has / Have + S + V-ed/Vpp …?

Had + S + V-ed/Vpp…?

Bị động

has / have + been + V-ed/Vpp…

had been + V-ed/Vpp…

Nhận biết


- just, already, ever, yet, recent(ly), lately

- since, for : since 1995, for 9 years

- so far, up to now, from then

- after + (past perfect), (simple past)

- before + (simple past), (past perfect)

- by the time/when ( Vpast), Had + Vpp




Thì

Dạng

SIMPLE FUTURE


(Tương Lai đơn)

FUTURE PERFECT


(Tương Lai hoàn thành)

Khẳng định


S + will + V (inf)

S + will have+ V-ed/Vpp

Phủ định

S + won’t + V (inf)

S + won’t have + V-ed/Vpp

Nghi vấn

Will + S + V (inf)…?

Will + S + have + V-ed/Vpp…?

Bị động

will be + V-ed/Vpp…

will be + V-ed/Vpp…

Nhận biết


- tomorrow

- next… : next week, next Monday

- in the future

- by the end of this month

- by + (time in the future)


Khi chia động từ cần chú ý sự hòa hợp của chủ ngữ (S) và động từ (V):

* S1 + and + S2 => số nhiều. Ví dụ : Tom and Mary were late yesterday.

* Each, every, no + noun => số ít. Ví dụ : Each boy and girl has a textbook. No student is present

* (N)either + S1 + (n)or + S2 => chia theo S2. Ví dụ : He or you are the best student.

* S1, as well as + S2 => chia theo S1. Ví dụ : John, as well as you, is responsible for that report.

* Chủ ngữ là danh từ chỉ đo lường, giá cả, tiền => số ít. Ví dụ : 5,000 dollars is a big sum of money.

* Đại từ bất định (everyone, something, nobody…) => số ít. Ví dụ : Everybody is in the room.
PRACTICE

Exercise 1. Choose the most correct answer:

  1. I _______this film twice.

A. see B. saw C. will see D. have seen

  1. –Peter, please help me do the washing up. – Sorry, Mum. I ______ TV.

A. watch B. am watching C. had watched D. watched

  1. The farmers _____ in the field now.

A. were working B. have worked C. worked D. are working

  1. The war _____ out three years ago.

A. broke B. had broken C. has broken D. was breaking

  1. He ______ a cup of coffee every morning.

A. drinks B. drank C. is drinking D. has drunk

  1. She ______ a lot of new books.

A. had just bought B. has just bought C. buys D. bought

  1. Up to the present, Nam_____ good work in his class.

A. does B. has done C. had done D. did

  1. At present, that author ______ a historical novel.

A. is writing B. was writing C. has written D. had written

  1. By next month, I _____ my first novel.

A. will finish B. am going to finish C. finish D. will have finished

  1. Phong ______ at the university so far.

A. had worked B. was working C. worked D. has worked

  1. How long _____ able to drive? – since 1990.

A. could you B. have you been C. were you D. are you

  1. They ______ since eight o’clock.

A. are talking B. have been talking C. talked D. talk

  1. My brother _______ in the army from 1990 to 1995.

A. served B. has served C. had served D. is serving

  1. At this moment, I _____ that we have a good chance of victory.

A. was feeling B. am feeling C. feel D. had been feeling

  1. I _____ the money from him yet.

A. haven’t received B. don’t receive C. will receive D. am receiving

  1. This is the most interesting book _____ .

A. I’ve read B. I had read C. I’ve ever readed D. I’ve ever read

  1. I ____ him ten days ago.

A. see B. saw C. have seen D. will see

  1. It ______ a long time since I last saw him.

A. is B. was C. will be D. had been

  1. She _____ so hard this week that she doesn’t have time to go to the hairdresser’s.

A. works B. worked C. has been working D. had worked

  1. Mr. John_______ to Los Angeles in 1992.

A. had gone B. has gone C. went D. was going

  1. What ______ to you yesterday?

A. happened B. did happen C. had happened D. has happened

  1. I never go to Australia. I _____ to Australia yet.

A. will go B. went C. haven’t been D. have been

  1. What _____ do at 7:00 tomorrow morning.

A. will you B. shall you C. were you D. did you

  1. Why ______ you come yesterday?

A. couldn’t B. can’t C. didn’t D. A and C

  1. My mother ______ in this factory since 1990

A. works B. worked C. has worked D. had worked

  1. I _____ my hair before breakfast this morning.

A. washed B. had washed C. was washing D. have washed

  1. I _____ about him when he suddenly came in.

A. talk B. talked C. am talking D. was talking

  1. He will finish this work before you _______ here tomorrow.

A. leave B. will leave C. would leave D. are going to leave

  1. Don’t make noise. My mother ______ with her friends.

A. is talking B. was talking C. talks D. talked

  1. He _____ in this office for ten years by next Monday.

A. will have been working B. would be working C. will work D. will be working

Exercise 3: Find ONE mistake in each of the following sentences:



  1. (A)Last year, my son (B)was lost (C)among the crowd when we (D)have gone shopping.

  2. The problem (A)has turned out (B)to be more serious (C)than we (D)will have thought.

  3. (A)Almost 300 million people (B)had visited (C)America’s national parks (D)every year.

  4. They (A)have studied English(A) before they went (C)to London.

  5. They (A)has got married (B)for 30 years (C)by the end of (D)this month.

  6. They (A)will help you (B)whenever you (C)will ask (D)them.

  7. (A)When Sam (B)will arrive, he will (C)open (D)the gift.

  8. My father (A)has ever told (B)me honestychân thât (C)was (D)the best policy.

  9. Did you say (A)that you (B)will have a lot of things (C)to do the (D)following week?

  10. (A)When we arrived (B)at (C)the station, the train (D)has already left.

  11. (A)Did your doctor (B)recommend you that you (C)will stop (D)smoking?

  12. (A) Up to now, there (B)had been (C)no woman (D)being chosen the US president.

  13. The neighbors (A)are having a party. They (B)are making so much noise (C)since 6 o’clock. I (D)can’t sleep.

  14. (A)Don’t (B)leave the house (C)until I (D)will get back.

  15. I (A)was walking along the pavement(B) when I (C)realized that there (D)has been a man following me.

  16. Human (A)had struggled (B)against weeds (C)since the beginning (D)of agriculture.

  17. Mary (A)said (B)that she (C)do jogging (D)every morning.

  18. (A)At this time (B)next week, Peter (C)was working (D)in London.

  19. Never I (A)have seen (B)such a (C)good film (D)before.

  20. (A)Before the 1920s, (B)no women (C)will vote (D)in the US.


LESSON 4. REPORTED SPEECH (CÂU TƯỜNG THUẬT)

Để biến đổi một câu trực tiếp sang câu gián tiếp cần:
1. Đổi chủ ngữ và các đại từ nhân xưng khác trong câu trực tiếp theo chủ ngữ của thành phần thứ nhất.
2. Lùi động từ ở mệnh đề 2 về một bậc so với lúc ban đầu.
3. Biến đổi các đại từ, phó từ chỉ thời gian và địa điểm theo bảng qui định.

Bảng đổi động từ

Direct speech

Indirect speech

Simple present ( Hiện tại đơn)
Present progressive (H.tại tiếp diễn)
Present perfect (Progressive)
Simple past (Quá khứ đơn)
Will/Shall
Can/May

Simple past (Quá khứ đơn)
Past progressive
Past perfect(Progressive) (quá khứ hoàn thành)
Past perfect (quá khứ hoàn thành)
Would/ Should
Could/ Might




Bảng đổi các đại từ chỉ thị, phó từ chỉ địa điểm và thời gian

Today
Yesterday
The day before yesterday
Tomorrow
The day after tomorrow
Next + Time ( week, month, year….)
Last + Time ( week, month, year….)
Time + ago
This, these

Right now


Here, Overhere

That day
The day before
Two days before
The next/ the following day
In two days
The following + Time ( week, month, year….)
The previous + Time ( week, month, year….)
Time
+ before
That, those

At once
There, Overthere


Ví dụ : - He said : “ I have lost my pen this morning.”

He said that he had lost his pen that morning.

- She said to him: “I will go with you tomorrow.”

She told him that she would go with him the next day.

- He said : “ I’ll come here to take this book.”

He said that he would come there to take that book.

- They said to us : “You must do this work right now.”

They told us that we had to do that work at once.

Lưu ý : Trong câu tường thuật, cần chú ý câu hỏi làm tân ngữ cho động từ tường thuật:


V (tường thuật) +

wh- / how…

+ S + V

if / whether (câu hỏi Y/N)


Ví dụ : “What are you doing?” asked my father.

= My father asked me what I was doing.

Have you seen that film?” John asked.

= John wanted to know if I had seen that film.

He asked them “How many children do you have?

= He asked them how many children they had.

Exercise1: Choose the best option to complete the following sentences


  1. Jack asked me _____.

A.where do you come from? B.where I came from

C.where I am from D.where did I come from?



  1. She asked me _____ I liked pop music.

A.when B.what C.if D.x

  1. The doctor ____ him to take more exercise.

A.told B.tell C. have told D. are telling

  1. I wanted to know_____ return home.

A.when would she B. when will she C. when she will D. when she would

  1. Claire told me that her father____ a race horse.

A.owns B.owned C. owning D. A and B

  1. What did that man say ______?

A. at you B. for you C. to you D. you

  1. I rang my friend in Australia yesterday, and she said it _______ raining there.

A. is B. were C. has been D. was

  1. The builders have ______ that everything will be ready on time.

A. promised B. promise C. promises D. promising

  1. The doctor _______ him to take more exercise.

A. told B. tell C. have told D. are telling

  1. The last time I saw Linda, she looked very relaxed. She explained she’d been on holiday the ______ week.

A. ago B. following C. next D. previous

  1. Yesterday, Laura ______ him to put some shelves up.

A. asked B. is asking C. ask D. was asked

  1. Tom has ______ this story wasn’t completely true.

A. admitting that B. was admitted that C. admitted that D. admit that

  1. When I rang Tessa some time last week, she said she was busy ______ day.

A. that B. the C. then D. this

  1. I wonder _____ the tickets are on sale yet.

A. what B. when C. where D. whether

  1. Mathew _____ Emma that her train was about to leave.

A. has reminded B. has reminded that C. reminded D. reminded that

  1. Hello, Jim. I didn’t expect to see you today. Sophie said you _____ ill.

A. are B. were C. was D. should be

  1. Ann ______ and left.

A. said goodbye to me B. says goodbye to me C. tell me goodbye D. told me goodbye

  1. I told you ______ to switch off the computer, didn’t I ?

A. don’t B. not C. not to D. to not

  1. Bill was slow, so I ________ hurry up.

A. tell him B. told him for C. told to D. told him to

  1. Sarah was driving to fast, so I ______ to slow down.

A. asked her B. asked C. ask D.have asked her

  1. Someone ______ me there’s been an accident on the motorway.

A. asked B. said C. spoke D. told

  1. Sue was very pessimistic about the situation. I advised her _____.

A. no worry B. not worry C. no to worry D. not to worry

  1. I couldn’t move the piano alone, so I asked Tom_______.

A. giving a hand B. gave a hand C. to give a hand D. give a hand

  1. Tom said that New York _______ more lively than London.

A. is B. be C. was D. were

  1. When he was at Oliver’s flat yesterday, Martin asked if he ______ use the phone.

A. can B. could C. may D. must

  1. George couldn’t help me. He ______ me to ask Kate.

A. tell B. said C. told D. say

  1. Judy ______ going for a walk, but no one else wanted to.

A.admitted B. offered C. promised D. suggested

  1. I said that I had met her ______ .

A. yesterday B. the previous day C. the day D. the before day.

  1. The man asked the boys ______ .

A. why did they fight B. why they were fighting

C. why they fight D.why were they fighting



  1. “______the door”, he said.

A. please open B. open pleased C. please to open D. please, opening

Exercise 2: Rewrite the following sentences :



  1. “Push as hard as you can” She said to me.

 She told me _____________________________________________________________________

  1. “Don’t wait for me if I am late” He said to her.

 He told her _____________________________________________________________________

  1. “Where are you from, Nam?” said Mai.

 Mai asked_______________________________________________________________________

  1. Mary said “ I cannot go to the cinema with you, John”.

 She ___________________________________________________________________________

  1. Tom asked Mary “Did you phone me last night?”

 Tom wanted to know_____________________________________________________________

  1. He asked me “Why didn’t you go to school yesterday?”.

 He asked me___________________________________________________________________

  1. Why don’t you stop smoking?” the doctor said to him.

 The doctor advised him ____________________________________________________________

  1. “How many students are there in your class?”

 The man asked me ________________________________________________________________

  1. “Have you seen John recently?” said Ann.

 Ann asked me ___________________________________________________________________

10. The policeman said to her : “Show me your driving licence.”

 The policeman ordered ____________________________________________________________

11. He said : “Did you see Mary yesterday ?”

 He wanted to know _______________________________________________________________

12. He said : “Would you mind telling me the time ?”

 He told _________________________________________________________________________

13. I said to my friend : “When did you buy your new car ?

 I asked __________________________________________________________________________

14. My friend said to me : “We have known everything about that.”

 My friend told ____________________________________________________________________

15. Helen said : “What did you say, Jack ?”

 Helen asked Jack __________________________________________________________________

16. 'You'd better look for a new job, Andrew.'

 Jane advised ______________________________________________________________________

17. 'It was nice of you to invite me to your birthday party. Thanks very much.

 Mike thanked _______________________________________________________________________

18. 'I must. have made a mistake in the calculations.'

 Mr Forest admitted __________________________________________________________________

19. 'I'll pay for the meal.'

 Sarah insisted _____________________________________________________________________

20.Perhaps we can go to Paris for the weekend.'

 Neil suggested ____________________________________________________________________


LESON 5. PASSIVE VOICE (THỂ BỊ ĐỘNG)




S + [aux] + Vm(động từ chính) + O


S + [aux] + Be + V-ed/Vpp + [by + O]
Ghi chú : - Động từ Be phải được chia cùng thì với câu chủ động hoặc cùng dạng với Vm.

- Trong câu bị động, bỏ [by + O] nếu O me, you, us, them, him, her, it, someone, somebody, people


TENSES

ACTIVE

PASSIVE

1. The simple present ( Hiện tại đơn)

S + V (-s /es)

S + am/is /are + Vpp

2. The present. Continuous (H.tại tiếp diễn)

S + am/ is/ are + V-ing

S+ am/is / are/ + being + Vpp

3. The present perfect ( H.tại hoàn thành)

S + have/ has + Vpp

S + have/ has + been + Vpp

4. The simple past (Quá khứ đơn)

S + V2/ V-ed

S + was/ were + Vpp

5. The past continuous (Quá khứ tiếp diễn)

S + was/ were + V- ing

S + was/ were + being+ Vpp

6. The past perfect (quá khứ hoàn thành)

S + had + Vpp

S + had+ been + Vpp

7. The simple future ( tương lai đơn)

S + will/ shall + bare-V

S + will/ shall + be + Vpp

8

S + Model + V-bareInf

S + Model + be + Vpp



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